![]() The neuropathological appearance of CTE is distinguished from other tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease. The exact amount of trauma required for the condition to occur is unknown although it is believed that it may take years to develop. Other potential risk factors include military personnel (repeated exposure to explosive charges or large caliber ordnance), domestic violence, and repeated impact to the head. In association football (soccer), whether this is just associated with prolific headers or other injuries is unclear as of 2017. Specifically contact sports such as boxing, American football, Australian rules football, wrestling, mixed martial arts, ice hockey, rugby, and association football. Evidence indicates that repetitive concussive and subconcussive blows to the head cause CTE. ![]() Most documented cases have occurred in athletes with mild repetitive head impacts (RHI) over an extended period of time. See also: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sports ![]() Patients with CTE may be prone to inappropriate or explosive behavior and may display pathological jealousy or paranoia. It can also cause speech problems and an unsteady gait. The condition manifests as dementia, or declining mental ability, problems with memory, dizzy spells or lack of balance to the point of not being able to walk under one's own power for a short time and/or Parkinsonism, or tremors and lack of coordination. Īdditional symptoms include dysarthria, dysphagia, cognitive disorders such as amnesia, and ocular abnormalities, such as ptosis. Third and fourth stages include progressive dementia, movement disorders, hypomimia, speech impediments, sensory processing disorder, tremors, vertigo, deafness, depression and suicidality. Second-stage symptoms include memory loss, social instability, impulsive behavior, and poor judgment. įirst-stage symptoms are confusion, disorientation, dizziness, and headaches. Symptoms of CTE, which occur in four stages, generally appear eight to ten years after an individual experiences repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries. It has been proposed that the rules of some sports be changed as a means of prevention. Research in brain damage as a result of repeated head injuries began in the 1920s, at which time the condition was known as dementia pugilistica or "fistfighter's dementia", "boxer's madness", or "punch drunk syndrome". Rates of CTE have been found to be about 30% among those with a history of multiple head injuries however, population rates are unclear. There is no specific treatment for the disease. The disease is classified as a tauopathy. The exact amount of trauma required for the condition to occur is unknown, and as of 2022 definitive diagnosis can only occur at autopsy. Other risk factors include being in the military, prior domestic violence, and repeated banging of the head. Most documented cases have occurred in athletes involved in striking-based combat sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, mixed martial arts, and Muay Thai-hence its original name dementia pugilistica ( Latin for "fistfighter's dementia")-and contact sports such as American football, Australian rules football, professional wrestling, ice hockey, rugby, and association football (soccer), in semi-contact sports such as baseball and basketball, and military combat arms occupations. It is unclear if the risk of suicide is altered. The disease often gets worse over time and can result in dementia. The encephalopathy symptoms can include behavioral problems, mood problems, and problems with thinking. Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome, dementia pugilistica, punch drunk syndromeĪ normal brain (left) and one with advanced CTE (right)īehavioral problems, mood problems, problems with thinking īrain damage, dementia, aggression, depression, suicide Ĭontact sports, military service, domestic abuse, repeated banging of the head Īlzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease Ĭhronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated trauma to the head. Medical condition Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
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